Frecuencia de enfermedades periodontales y características clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción

Las enfermedades periodontales son consideradas entre las más comunes entre las patologías bucales. Su frecuencia es cada vez más elevada en la población y existen varias patologías sistémicas y hábitos que empeoran su cuadro clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedades periodontales que acuden a la cátedra de periodoncia en la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción en el período de 2011 al 2019. Estudio Observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, se procesaron 477 fichas clínicas de pacientes de la cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción desde el año 2011 al 2019. El tipo de muestreo utilizado fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. De las 477 fichas solo se analizaron 317 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Fueron el 56.46 % de sexo femenino y 43,53 % de sexo masculino, la mediana de edad fue de 33 (23-48) años. El 53% los pacientes presentaban periodontitis crónica y comorbilidades como diabetes e hipertensión arterial. Solo el 11,9 % fueron fumadores. En cuanto a los pacientes diabéticos la mayoría eran de sexo femenino y de edad avanzada, presentando como diagnóstico más frecuente la periodontitis crónica. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente de la población estudiada fue la periodontitis crónica, seguido por la gingivitis.

Periodontal diseases are considered among the most common among oral pathologies. Its frequency is increasingly higher in the population and there are several systemic pathologies and habits that worsen its clinical condition. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with periodontal diseases who attend the periodontics department at the Autonomous University of Asunción in the period from 2011 to 2019. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, 477 clinical records were processed. of patients from the Department of Periodontics at the Autonomous University of Asunción from 2011 to 2019. The type of sampling used was non-probabilistic for convenience. Of the 477 records, only 317 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. They were 56.46% female and 43.53% male, the median age was 33 (23-48) years. 53% of the patients had chronic periodontitis and comorbidities such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Only 11.9% were smokers. Regarding diabetic patients, the majority were female and elderly, with chronic periodontitis as the most frequent diagnosis. The most frequent clinical diagnosis of the studied population was chronic periodontitis, followed by gingivitis.

Consideraciones para el diseño e implementación de las intervenciones para la cesación de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis en el embarazo. Un estudio cualitativo / Considerations for the design and implementation of interventions for the cessation of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in pregnancy: A qualitative study

Objetivo: Explorar la opinión de distintos actores clave, en relación con los requisitos que deberían cumplir las intervenciones de cesación de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y/o cannabis durante el embarazo para que puedan ser implementadas y resulten aceptables y útiles. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo con aproximación fenomenológica. Sitio: Se realizó en España en 2022. Participantes: Gestores, profesionales sanitarios, embarazadas consumidoras de tabaco, alcohol y/o cannabis y sus parejas también consumidoras. Métodos: Los datos se recogieron mediante grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad, hasta alcanzar la saturación del discurso y se transcribieron de manera exacta. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio y codificación abierta inductiva, se fusionaron los códigos en categorías y se identificaron subcategorías. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro categorías y 18 subcategorías. Los resultados apuntan a que las intervenciones deberían de ser multicomponente. Entre las intervenciones más aceptadas por parte de las mujeres embarazadas y sus parejas, las consultas específicas de cesación, la información, el apoyo de un igual (aunque no precisan de qué manera) y los incentivos económicos. Entre otras opciones a considerar, la cooximetría, propuesta por gestores para obtener un registro objetivo. Conclusiones: Se extrae que esta intervención debe realizarse a nivel de la atención prenatal realizada en atención primaria. Existen dudas respecto de la frecuencia, fin y seguimiento de esta intervención multicomponente, así como a la posibilidad de incorporar a las parejas.(AU)

Objective: To explore the opinion of different key stakeholders regarding the requirements that tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis cessation interventions should meet to be implemented and to be acceptable and useful during pregnancy. Design: A qualitative study with phenomenological approach. Site: The study was conducted in Spain in 2022. Participants: Decision makers, health professionals, pregnant women using tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis and their partners who are also users. Methods: Data were collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews, until discourse saturation was reached and accurately transcribed. Exploratory analysis and inductive open coding were conducted, codes were merged into categories and subcategories were identified. Results: Four categories and 18 subcategories were identified. The results suggest that interventions should be multicomponent. Among the interventions most accepted by pregnant women and their partners were specific cessation consultations, information, peer support (although they did not specify how) and financial incentives. Among other options to consider, co-oximetry, proposed by managers to obtain an objective register. Conclusions: The conclusion is that this intervention should be carried out at the level of prenatal care in primary care. There are doubts regarding the frequency, purpose, and follow-up of this multicomponent intervention, as well as the possibility of incorporating couples.(AU)

[Considerations for the design and implementation of interventions for the cessation of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in pregnancy: A qualitative study]. / Consideraciones para el diseño e implementación de las intervenciones para la cesación de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis en el embarazo. Un estudio cualitativo.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the opinion of different key stakeholders regarding the requirements that tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis cessation interventions should meet to be implemented and to be acceptable and useful during pregnancy. DESIGN: A qualitative study with phenomenological approach. SITE: The study was conducted in Spain in 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Decision makers, health professionals, pregnant women using tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis and their partners who are also users. METHODS: Data were collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews, until discourse saturation was reached and accurately transcribed. Exploratory analysis and inductive open coding were conducted, codes were merged into categories and subcategories were identified. RESULTS: Four categories and 18 subcategories were identified. The results suggest that interventions should be multicomponent. Among the interventions most accepted by pregnant women and their partners were specific cessation consultations, information, peer support (although they did not specify how) and financial incentives. Among other options to consider, co-oximetry, proposed by managers to obtain an objective register. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is that this intervention should be carried out at the level of prenatal care in primary care. There are doubts regarding the frequency, purpose, and follow-up of this multicomponent intervention, as well as the possibility of incorporating couples.

Cessação do tabagismo: uma análise retrospectiva em um município da região metropolitana do Rio Grande do Sul / Tobacco use cessation: a retrospective analysis in a municipality in the metropolitan region of Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: o uso de produtos fumígenos derivados do tabaco é uma doença crônica não transmissível e uma das maiores mazelas mundiais em saúde pública. A atuação da Atenção Primária à Saúde na longitudinalidade do cuidado favorece o acolhimento dos tabagistas, sensibilização e aconselhamento para abandono deste hábito. Objetivos: analisar as taxas de abandono do hábito de fumar dentre os participantes do programa de combate ao tabagismo em um município da região metropolitana do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: trata-se de um corte transversal, retrospectivo, com análise dos registros de prontuários dos grupos no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: no total foram realizados 17 grupos de tratamento ao tabagismo no período, atendendo a 119 fumantes, em sua maioria mulheres e com média de 52,5±9,8 anos. Encontrou-se que 66,9% dos participantes deixaram de fumar até o quarto encontro. O uso de farmacoterapia (RC = 15,81; IC95%: 4,73 - 52,89), homens (RC = 1,62; IC95%: 0,68 - 3,90), estar presente em mais de quatro sessões (RC = 44,50; IC95%: 13,35 - 148,27) indivíduos com comorbidades do grupo cardiopatias (RC = 1,54; IC95%: 0,67 - 3,75) apresentaram maiores chances de abandono do tabagismo. Conclusões: A taxa de abandono do hábito de fumar foi superior nos participantes que comparecem a mais de quatro encontros, aqueles que tiveram moderado grau de dependência à nicotina, fumavam menos de um maço por dia, iniciaram a fumar jovens e apresentavam mais de 60 anos

Introduction: tobacco use is a major risk for noncommunicable diseases and one of the biggest illnesses in public health worldwide. The performance of Primary Health Care in the longitudinality of care favors the reception of smokers, awareness, and counseling for quitting this habit. Objectives: to analyze data about smoking cessation among integrants of the tobacco use cessation groups in Campo Bom/Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: it's a crossectional observational study with a quantitative approach where we analyze secondary data from medical records of the group's cessation in the period from, January 2018 to December 2021. The present project was approved by the ethics research committee under the number: 5.583.858. Results: in total, 17 groups for tobacco use cessation were included during the period, serving 119 smokers, mostly women, and an average age of 52.5±9.8 years. It was found that 66.9% of the participants quit smoking until the fourth meeting. The pharmacotherapy use (OR = 15.81; IC95%: 4.73 ­ 52.89), male sex (OR = 1.62; IC95%: 0.68 ­ 3.90), being present on more than four sessions (OR = 44.50; IC95%: 13,35 - 148,27) and individuals of the cardiopathy group comorbidity (OR = 1.54; IC95%: 0.67 ­ 3.75) had higher chances on tobacco use cessation. Conclusions: The rate of tobacco use cessation was higher in those persons who participated in more than four meetings, had a moderate degree of nicotine dependence, smoked less than a pack by day, started smoking at a younger age, and were over 60 years old

Lei, para que te quero? Dados comparativos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) sobre acesso a cigarros por adolescentes / Ley ¿para qué te necesito? Datos comparativos del Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) sobre el acceso a cigarrillos por los adolescentes / Law compliance, why do we need it? Comparative data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) on adolescents' access to cigarettes

Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil obteve importantes avanços no combate à epidemia de tabaco. No entanto, dados recentes nacionais apontam para uma provável estagnação na queda da iniciação ao tabagismo entre jovens e adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução no tempo do cumprimento da lei que proíbe a venda de cigarros para menores de idade no Brasil. Para tal, utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar das edições de 2015 e 2019. Foram estimadas proporções para indicadores "sequenciais" criados da combinação das respostas às perguntas "alguém se recusou a lhe vender cigarros?" e "como conseguiu seus próprios cigarros?". Houve uma queda, entre 2015 e 2019, na proporção de fumantes entre 13 e 17 anos que tentaram comprar cigarros nos 30 dias anteriores à pesquisa (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Contudo, independentemente do ano da pesquisa, cerca de 9 em cada 10 adolescentes fumantes tiveram sucesso em alguma tentativa de compra de cigarros. Desses, aproximadamente 7 em cada 10 utilizaram a compra ativa como a principal modalidade de acesso ao cigarro, sendo que a respectiva compra em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados (vs. com ambulantes) aumentou entre 2015 e 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Em 2019, 70% dos adolescentes que compraram cigarros em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados realizaram a compra avulsa. O descumprimento de leis voltadas à prevenção da iniciação ao fumo é um enorme obstáculo para a redução da proporção de fumantes. O fortalecimento das ações legislativas e de fiscalização, aliado a ações educativas e de sensibilização junto aos varejistas, é fundamental para proteger as novas gerações quanto aos efeitos nocivos do uso do tabaco.

En las últimas décadas, Brasil ha logrado importantes avances en el combate a la epidemia del tabaquismo. Pero, recientes datos nacionales apuntan a un probable estancamiento en la recucción de la iniciación tabáquia entre jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución en el tiempo de cumplimiento de la ley que prohíbe la venta de cigarrillos a menores en Brasil. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar de 2015 y 2019. Se estimaron proporciones para los indicadores "secuenciales" creados desde una combinación de las respuestas a las preguntas "alguien se negó a venderte cigarrillos" y "cómo conseguiste cigarrillos". Hubo una disminución entre 2015 y 2019 en la proporción de fumadores de entre 13 y 17 años que intentaron comprar cigarrillos en los treinta días antes de la encuesta (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Sin embargo, independientemente del año de la encuesta, alrededor de 9 de cada 10 adolescentes fumadores tuvieron éxito en algún intento de comprar cigarrillos. De estos, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 utilizaron la compra activa como el principal método de acceso a cigarrillos, y la respectiva compra en establecimientos comerciales autorizados (vs. con vendedores ambulantes) aumentó entre 2015 y 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). En 2019, el 70% de los adolescentes que compraron cigarrillos en establecimientos comerciales autorizados los compraron sueltos. El incumplimiento de la ley destinada a prevenir la iniciación al tabaquismo es un gran obstáculo para reducir la proporción de fumadores. El fortalecimiento de las acciones legislativas y de fiscalización, sumado a acciones educativas y de sensibilización con los comerciantes, es fundamental para proteger a las nuevas generaciones de los efectos nocivos del consumo de tabaco.

In recent decades, Brazil has made significant progress in fighting the tobacco epidemic. However, recent national data suggest a probable stagnation in the reduction of smoking initiation among youth and adolescents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution over time of compliance with the law that prohibits the sale of cigarettes to minors in Brazil. To this end, data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used. Percentages were estimated for "sequential" indicators created by combining answers to the questions "Did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes?" and "How did you obtain your cigarettes?" There was a decrease between 2015 and 2019 in the percentage of smokers aged 13 to 17 who tried to buy cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey (72.3% vs. 66.4%; p-value ≤ 0.05). However, regardless of the survey year, approximately 9 out of 10 adolescent smokers were successful in an attempt to buy cigarettes. Of those, approximately 7 out of 10 used direct purchase as the main method of obtaining cigarettes, with purchases at licensed commercial establishments (vs. street vendors) increasing between 2015 and 2019 (81.1% vs. 89.6%; p-value ≤ 0.05). In 2019, 70% of teenagers who bought cigarettes at licensed commercial establishments purchased single cigarettes. Non-compliance with laws aimed at preventing smoking initiation is a huge obstacle to reducing the proportion of smokers. Increased implementation of legislative measures and oversight of cigarettes sales, combined with educational and awareness actions with retailers, is key to protecting new generations from the harmful effects of tobacco use.

Smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate: prevalence and associated factors / Tabagismo em adolescentes com fissura de lábio e/ou palato: prevalência e fatores associados

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, developed in a Brazilian public and tertiary hospital between November 2018 and August 2019. Adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old, previously submitted to cheiloplasty and/or palatoplasty surgeries were included. Data collection was carried out through interviews, guided by questionnaires referring to sociodemographic issues, use and factors associated with smoking. For statistical analysis, Fisher's Exact Test, Chi-square, Student's t test and bivariate logistic regression were used, all with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: 102 adolescents participated. The prevalence of smoking was 20.6% (n=21). Having cleft lip and palate was associated with smoking (p=0.012). The bivariate analysis showed that not dating (p=0.001; OR=0.19) and owning a home (p=0.032; OR=0.33) were configured as protective factors for the act of being a smoker, while believing that smoking facilitates interaction with young people or with the group of friends (p=0.043; OR=2.95), having friends who use alcoholic beverages (p=0.002; OR=8.40), having friends who use drugs, except cigarettes (p=0.002; OR=5.33), use alcoholic beverages (p<0.001; OR=10.67) and sexual initiation (p<0.001; OR=7.00), were associated with being a smoker. Conclusions: From the knowledge of the profile of adolescents most vulnerable to tobacco use, it is possible to plan and implement educational and preventive actions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao tabagismo em adolescentes com fissura de lábio e/ou palato. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em um hospital público e terciário brasileiro entre novembro de 2018 e agosto de 2019. Foram incluídos adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 19 anos, submetidos previamente às cirurgias de queiloplastia e/ou palatoplastia. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista, guiada por questionários referentes a questões sociodemográficas, uso e fatores associados ao tabagismo. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se os testes: exato de Fisher, qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística bivariada, todos com nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Participaram 102 adolescentes. A prevalência do tabagismo foi de 20,6% (n=21). Possuir fissura de lábio e palato associou-se ao tabagismo (p=0,012). A análise bivariada mostrou que não namorar (p=0,001; OR=0,19) e possuir habitação própria (p=0,032; OR=0,33) configuraram fatores de proteção para o ato de ser tabagista, enquanto acreditar que fumar facilita a interação com os jovens ou com o grupo de amigos (p=0,043; OR=2,95), ter amigos que usam bebida alcoólica (p=0,002; OR=8,40), ter amigos que usam drogas, exceto o cigarro (p=0,002; OR=5,33), usar bebida alcoólica (p<0,001; OR=10,67) e iniciação sexual (p<0,001; OR=7,00) associaram-se a ser tabagista. Conclusões: Pelo conhecimento do perfil dos adolescentes mais vulneráveis ao uso do tabaco, é possível planejar e programar ações educativas e preventivas.

Identificación de estrategias no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco en estudiantes universitarios / Identifying non-pharmacological strategies for reduction and cessation of tobacco use in university students / Identificação de estratégias não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las estrategias no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco dirigidas a la comunidad estudiantil universitaria de pregrado. Métodos. Revisión sistemática clásica de literatura científica experimental publicada en los últimos 20 años en bases de datos y literatura gris. El algoritmo de búsqueda consistió en utilizar la máxima cantidad de terminología que describiera la pregunta de investigación y así disponer del mayor número de resultados en las diferentes bases de datos. Los cuadros de evidencias se construyeron con el instrumento FLC 3.0® y Excel 2021®. La herramienta GRADE permitió evaluar la calidad de evidencia científica. El riesgo de sesgos se estimó con base a las recomendaciones del Manual Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones. Se suministrő un resumen narrativo de los estudios incluidos con alto grado de heterogeneidad establecida por estadística I2. Resultados. Se realizó la búsqueda en bases de datos y literatura gris y se obtuvieron 40 823 artículos. Luego de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se incluyeron 7 artículos: un estudio con impacto en casación, dos estudios sobre reducción y cuatro estudios con efectos tanto en la reducción como la cesación del consumo de tabaco. La calidad metodológica evaluada mediante la herramienta GRADE fue "buena". El riesgo de sesgos de forma global fue "bajo". La alta heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica de los estudios impidió su agrupación para la construcción del metaanálisis. Conclusión. Los datos extraídos de los siete artículos muestran la capacidad de las intervenciones no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco en la población estudiantil universitaria, aunque la evidencia sea aún limitada. Se considera necesario realizar más estudios para elaborar recomendaciones fuertes para su implementación.

ABSTRACT Objective. Identify non-pharmacological strategies for reduction and cessation of tobacco use, aimed at the community of undergraduate university students. Methods. Classic systematic review of experimental scientific literature published in the last 20 years in databases and grey literature. The search algorithm consisted of using the maximum amount of terminology that described the research question, resulting in the largest number of results in the different databases. Evidence tables were constructed with the FLC 3.0 assessment tool and Excel 2021. Use of the GRADE tool enabled assessment of the quality of scientific evidence. Risk of bias was estimated in accordance with recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A narrative summary of the included studies was provided, given the high degree of heterogeneity established by I2 statistics. Results. A search of databases and grey literature obtained 40 823 articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles were included: one study with impact on cessation, two studies on reduction, and four studies with an impact on both the reduction and cessation of tobacco use. The methodological quality was "good" according to the GRADE tool. The overall risk of bias was 'low'. The high clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the studies prevented grouping for the construction of a meta-analysis. Conclusion. Data from the seven articles show that non-pharmacological interventions can result in reduction and cessation of tobacco use in the university student population, although the evidence is still limited. Further studies are necessary in order to develop strong recommendations for implementation.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar estratégias não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o consumo de tabaco dirigidas à comunidade de estudantes universitários de graduação. Métodos. Revisão sistemática clássica da literatura científica experimental publicada nos últimos 20 anos em bases de dados e da literatura cinzenta. O algoritmo de busca consistiu em usar a quantidade máxima de terminologia que descrevesse a pergunta da pesquisa e, assim, dispor do maior número de resultados nas diversas bases de dados. As tabelas de evidências foram construídas usando as ferramentas FLC 3.0® e Excel 2021®. A ferramenta GRADE permitiu avaliar a qualidade das evidências científicas. O risco de viés foi estimado com base nas recomendações do Manual Cochrane de Revisões Sistemáticas de Intervenções. Foi fornecido um resumo narrativo de estudos com alto grau de heterogeneidade estabelecida pela estatística I2. Resultados. Foram pesquisadas bases de dados e literatura cinzenta e foram obtidos 40 823 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram incluídos sete artigos: um estudo com impacto na interrupção, dois estudos sobre a redução e quatro estudos com efeitos tanto na redução quanto na interrupção do consumo de tabaco. A qualidade metodológica segundo a avaliação com a ferramenta GRADE foi "boa". O risco geral de viés foi "baixo". A alta heterogeneidade clínica e metodológica dos estudos impediu o agrupamento para a construção de meta-análise. Conclusão. Os dados dos sete artigos mostram a capacidade de intervenções não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o uso do tabaco pela população estudantil universitária, embora as evidências ainda sejam limitadas. Considera-se necessário fazer mais estudos para formular recomendações sólidas para implementação.

Smoking cessation for peripheral arterial disease: systematic review protocol / Cessação do tabagismo para doença arterial periférica: protocolo de revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Background: peripheral arterial disease has smoking as its main avoidable vascular risk factor. However, most studies do not focus on smoking as the main exposure variable. Objectives: to assess the impact of smoking cessation interventions versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention, on peripheral arterial disease outcomes. Methods: we will use the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to guide whole this review process. We will consider parallel or cluster-randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and cohort studies. We will search CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, LILACS and IBECS. We will also conduct a search of ClinicalTrials.gov and the ICTRP for ongoing or unpublished trials. Each research step will involve at least two independent reviewers. We will create a table, using GRADE pro GDT software, reporting the pooled effect estimates for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, lower limb amputation, adverse events, walking distance, clinical severity, vessel or graft secondary patency, and QoL. Conclusions: we will assess these outcomes according to the five GRADE considerations to assess the certainty of the body of evidence for these outcomes, and to draw conclusions about the certainty of the evidence within the review.

RESUMO Introdução: a doença arterial periférica tem o tabagismo como principal fator de risco vascular evitável. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos não destaca o tabagismo como principal variável de exposição. Objetivos: avaliar o impacto das intervenções de cessação do tabagismo versus comparador ativo, placebo ou nenhuma intervenção, nos desfechos da doença arterial periférica. Métodos: usaremos o Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions para orientar todo este processo de revisão. Consideraremos ensaios controlados paralelos ou randomizados por cluster (ECRs), quase-ECRs e estudos de coorte. Buscaremos no CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, LILACS e IBECS. ClinicalTrials.gov e ICTRP serão consultados para ensaios em andamento ou não publicados. Criaremos uma tabela, usando o software GRADE pro GDT, relatando as estimativas de efeito agrupado para os seguintes desfechos: mortalidade por todas as causas, amputação de membro inferior, eventos adversos, distância percorrida, gravidade clínica, permeabilidade secundária do vaso ou enxerto e qualidade de vida. Avaliaremos esses resultados de acordo com as cinco considerações GRADE para avaliar a certeza do corpo de evidências para esses resultados e tirar conclusões sobre a certeza das evidências na revisão.

Asociación del hábito de fumar con la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide / Association of smoking with chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis

Introducción: Porphyromonas gingivalis es un microorganismo presente en las periodontitis, productor de la enzima peptidil arginina desminasa, inductora de la citrulinación de proteínas que convierte en antígenos, y que son reconocidos por los anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinados, marcadores específicos de la artritis reumatoide. Estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos relacionan el hábito de fumar con la periodontitis y la artritis reumatoide. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el hábito de fumar, la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, de casos y controles de pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide tratados en el Centro de Reumatología y pacientes atendidos por medicina interna en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico 10 de octubre de La Habana, en el periodo entre septiembre del 2017 y mayo del 2019. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, hábito de fumar y estado periodontal evaluado a través del índice de enfermedad periodontal de Russell y el nivel de inserción clínica. Para identificar la asociación entre variables se empleó la prueba de ji al cuadrado y el odds ratio. Se respetaron las legislaciones éticas. Resultados: En el estudio prevaleció el grupo de 35 a 44 años y el sexo femenino. El hábito de fumar predominó en los pacientes artríticos, con manifiesto incremento de la prevalencia y gravedad de la enfermedad periodontal. Conclusiones: El hábito de fumar incrementó el riesgo de periodontitis crónica en ambos grupos, y con menos intensidad de riesgo en la artritis reumatoide.

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a microorganism present in periodontitis, producer of the enzyme peptidyl arginine deminase that induces citrullination of proteins, turning them into antigens, which are recognized by anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide antibodies, specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and epidemiological studies link smoking with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: To evaluate the association between smoking, the presence of chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of cases and controls of patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis treated at the Rheumatology Center and patients treated by Internal Medicine in 10 de Octubre Surgical- Clinic Hospital in Havana, between September 2017 and May 2019. The variables were: age, sex, smoking habit and periodontal status evaluated through the Russell Periodontal Disease Index and Level of Clinical Insertion. For the association and relationship between variables, the chi square and the odds ratio were used. Ethical legislation was respected. Results: In the study the group of 35 to 44 years old and the female sex prevailed. Smoking prevailed in arthritic patients with a remarkable increase in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. Conclusions: Smoking increased the risk of chronic periodontitis in both groups with less intensity of risk in rheumatoid arthritis.

Sociodemographic, family and clinical characteristics associated with smoking cessation intention among smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital / Características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo en fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel

Abstract Introduction: Smoking cessation interventions are a priority in medical care settings, including hospitals. Objectives: To describe the sociodemographic, family, and clinical characteristics of smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital and to establish the variables associated with smoking cessation intention in order to optimize the management of this risk factor in the hospital setting. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 321 active smokers treated between April 2018 and November 2019 in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Smoking prevalence was calculated, and participants' sociodemographic, family, and clinical information was obtained and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. Associations between said variables and cessation intention were established by means of bivariate (chi-squared test) and multivariate analyses (ordinal logistic regression model with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals). Results: Smoking prevalence was 8.89% (95%CI: 7.97-9.82), (N=3609; n=321 active smokers). Most participants were men (66.67%), had a low or middle socioeconomic status (96.89%) and a basic educational level (52.34%), and 42.06% were between 46 and 64 years old. The majority of active smokers had a mild degree of smoking consumption and low level of nicotine dependence (78.82% and 81.62%, respectively). Furthermore, 78.82% reported previous attempts to quit smoking. Nuclear family was the predominant family type (58.57%), and 40.19% of smokers experienced some degree of family dysfunction. Smokers with more perceived benefits derived from smoking cessation and high self-efficacy are more likely to make a smoking cessation attempt (OR=9.44, 95%CI:1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73, 95%CI:1.55-8.78, respectively). Conclusions: The identification and characterization of smokers in the hospital setting provides useful insights to personalize smoking cessation interventions.

Resumen Introducción. Las intervenciones dirigidas a la cesación del tabaquismo son una prioridad en los escenarios de atención médica, incluido el hospitalario. Objetivos. Describir las características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas de fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel y establecer las variables asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo con el fin de optimizar el manejo de este factor de riesgo en el entorno hospitalario. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 321 fumadores activos atendidos entre abril de 2018 y noviembre de 2019 en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se calculó la prevalencia de tabaquismo y se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, familiar y clínica, la cual fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva. Se establecieron asociaciones entre dichas variables y la intención de cesación mediante un análisis bivariado (prueba X2) y uno multivariado (modelo de regresión logística ordinal con sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza al 95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de tabaquismo activo fue de 8.89% (IC95%: 7.97-9.82), (N=3 609; n=321 fumadores activos). La mayoría fueron hombres (66.67%), de estrato socioeconómico bajo o medio (96.89%), con nivel educativo básico (52.34%) y el 42.06% estaban entre los 46 y 64 años. La mayoría de los fumadores activos tenían un grado leve de tabaquismo y un bajo nivel de dependencia a la nicotina (78.82% y 81.62%, respectivamente); además, el 78.82% reportó intentos previos de cesación. El tipo de familia predominante fue la nuclear (58.57%) y 40.19% de los fumadores experimentaban algún grado de disfuncionalidad familiar. Los fumadores con mayor percepción de beneficios derivados de dejar de fumar y con alta autoeficacia tienen una mayor probabilidad de realizar un intento de cesación de tabaquismo (OR=9.44; IC95%: 1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73; 95%CI: 1.55-8.78, respectivamente). Conclusiones. La identificación y caracterización de fumadores en el entorno hospitalario brinda claves para personalizar las intervenciones de cesación del tabaquismo.

Mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en el municipio de Caimanera

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón es una enfermedad crónica y constituye un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Objetivo: Determinar factores relacionados con la mortalidad del cáncer de pulmón. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 7 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón en el policlínico "Ramón López Peña" del municipio de Caimanera, provincia Guantánamo en el período comprendido entre los años 2017 y 2019. Resultados: En el estudio realizado el sexo femenino fue predominante con 5 pacientes fumadoras que representó el 42,8 %, comprendido en el grupo de edad entre los 60-69 años con el 71,4 %. De los pacientes estudiados con antecedentes patológicos personales de enfermedad respiratoria crónica, se obtuvo mayor frecuencia los que tenían la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que representó el 85,7 %. El cáncer de pulmón como la causa básica de muerte. En el año 2018 aumentó la mortalidad en tres casos, y en el año 2019 descendió a dos casos. Conclusiones: Se determinó los factores relacionados con el descenso de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón a partir del aumento de otros cánceres.

Introduction: Lung cancer is a chronic disease and it constitutes a public health problem worldwide. Objective: To determine factors related to lung cancer mortality. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 7 patients with lung cancer at Ramón López Peña polyclinic in Caimanera municipality, Guantánamo province from 2017 to 2019. Results: In the study, the female sex predominanted with 5 smoking patients who represented 42.8%, included in the age group between 60-69 years (71.4%). Out of the patients studied with personal pathological history of chronic respiratory disease, those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more frequent, representing 85.7%. Lung cancer was the basic cause of death. In 2018, mortality increased in three cases, and in 2019 it decreased to two cases. Conclusions: It was determined the factors related to the decrease in lung cancer mortality from the increase in other cancers.

Prevalencia y tendencias de tabaquismo activo y pasivo en adolescentes peruanos / Prevalence and trends of active and passive smoking among Peruvian adolescents

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las tendencias ocurridas en diferentes indicadores de tabaquismo en adolescentes peruanos. Asimismo, se evaluó las tendencias en dichos indicadores de acuerdo a sexo y en aquellos sin antecedente de tabaquismo previo. Materiales y métodos. El presente estudio usa la Encuesta Mundial sobre Tabaquismo en Jóvenes (Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007, 2014, 2019). Tabaquismo activo se definió según el consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días. Tabaquismo pasivo se definió en función a exposición a tabaco dentro y fuera del hogar, tanto global como en forma diaria. Los análisis consideraron el diseño muestral. Resultados. Un total de 17 047 registros (9869 en el 2007, 3424 en el 2014, y 3754 en el 2019) fueron analizados; edad media 14 años y 49,9% mujeres. El 26,6% reportó antecedente de tabaquismo previo; dicha prevalencia cayó de 45,2% (2007), a 25,3% (2014), y a 19,4% (2019, p de tendencias < 0,001), mientras que el tabaquismo activo cayó de 17,1% (2007) a 8,7% (2014) y a 5,7% (2019). La prevalencia global de tabaquismo pasivo en el hogar cayó de 24,7%, a 12,9% y a 10,4% (p de tendencias <0,001), mientras que la prevalencia global de tabaquismo pasivo fuera del hogar se redujo de 46,3%, a 39,4%, y a 36,3% (p < 0,001) en ese lapso. La caída en los indicadores de tabaquismo se vio principalmente en mujeres que en varones. Conclusión. Se evidencia una reducción sostenida en los indicadores de tabaquismo en adolescentes peruanos. El tabaquismo pasivo fuera del hogar continúa siendo frecuente requiriendo el fortalecimiento de las actuales políticas de control de tabaco.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to assess the trends of different smoking indicators among Peruvian adolescents. Additionally, we evaluated whether such trends were different by sex or among those without previous smoking history. Materials and methods. We analyzed the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007, 2014, 2019). Active smoking was defined according to smoking in the last 30 days. Passive smoking was assessed based on exposure to tobacco inside and outside the household, both overall and daily. Analyses considered the sample design. Results. A total of 17,047 records (9,869 in 2007, 3,424 in 2014, and 3,754 in 2019) were analyzed; the mean age was 14 years, and 49.9% were women. Previous smoking history was reported in 26.6% of the records; such prevalence fell from 45.2% (2007), to 25.3% (2014), and to 19.4% (2019, p-value for trend < 0.001), whereas active smoking fell from 17.1% (2007) to 8.7% (2014) and to 5.7% (2019). The overall prevalence of passive smoking inside the household fell from 24.7% to 12.9% and 10.4% (p-value <0.001), whereas the overall prevalence of passive smoking outside the household dropped from 46.3% to 39.4% and 36.3% (p-value <0.001) during the same period. The reduction of the smoking indicators was observed mainly among women than in men. Conclusion. There is evidence of a sustained reduction in smoking indicators in Peruvian adolescents. Passive smoking outside the household continues to be common, calling for strengthening current tobacco control policies.

Proceso de enfermería para la cesación del hábito tabáquico en paciente con EPOC: Reporte de caso / Nursing Process for Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients: Case Report / Processo de enfermagem para cessação do tabagismo em pacientes com DPOC: Relato de caso

Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y el cese del consumo de tabaco es la medida más efectiva para disminuir la incidencia y su progresión. Esta medida es especialmente eficaz en personas envejecidas, en quienes las consecuencias son más agudas a causa de los cambios biopsicosociales, cambios que aumentan la probabilidad de infecciones, dependencia funcional y fragilidad. El objetivo de este reporte es describir los cambios en el hábito tabáquico de una persona mayor con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, tras ser incluida en un plan de cuidado organizado y según las etapas del proceso de Enfermería dirigido al cese del hábito tabáquico. Metodología. Reporte de caso de Enfermería bajo el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Nola Pender y el proceso de Enfermería, articulado con la taxonomía diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería (Nursing Outcomes Classification) y la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (Nursing Interventions Classification). Resultados. Tras el proceso de Enfermería se evidencia la cesación del hábito tabáquico en la persona mayor y se destaca en el proceso la participación del núcleo familiar y el reconocimiento de los riesgos en salud asociados. Conclusiones. Se reconoce el rol de Enfermería como preponderante en la prevención y el abandono del hábito tabáquico que, orientado por un proceso de cuidado organizado, con respaldo disciplinar y científico, ayuda a mejorar el estado de salud y manejo de los factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Quitting tobacco consumption is the most effective measure for reducing the incidence and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a global public health issue. This measure is especially effective in seniors, in whom the consequences are more acute due to biopsychosocial changes, changes that increase the probability of infection, functional dependence and fragility. The objective of this report is to describe the changes in the tobacco habits of a senior with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after being included in an organized health care plan according to the Nursing process' stages for quitting tobacco habits. Methodology. A nursing case report under Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model and the Nursing process, articulated with the diagnostic taxonomy North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification. Results. It was evident the senior quit their tobacco habits after the Nursing process was carried out, and participation from family members and recognition of the associated health risks stood out in the process. Conclusions. The role of Nursing is pivotal in preventing and quitting tobacco habits, which, guided by an organized health care process with disciplinary and scientific support, helps improve health conditions and manage risk factors.

Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e a cessação do consumo de tabaco é a medida mais eficaz para reduzir sua incidência e progressão. Essa medida é especialmente eficaz em idosos, nos quais as consequências são mais agudas devido a alterações biopsicossociais, alterações que aumentam a probabilidade de infecções, dependência funcional e fragilidade. O objetivo deste relato é descrever as mudanças no hábito de fumar de um idoso com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, após a inclusão em um plano de cuidados organizado e de acordo com as etapas do processo de Enfermagem visando a cessação do tabagismo. Metodologia. Relato de caso de Enfermagem sob o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender e o processo de Enfermagem, articulado com a taxonomia diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, a Classificação de Resultados de Enfermagem Nursing Outcomes Classification e a Classificação de Intervenções de Enfermagem Nursing Interventions Classification. Resultados. Após o processo de Enfermagem, evidencia-se a cessação do tabagismo no idoso e destaca-se a participação do núcleo familiar e o reconhecimento dos riscos à saúde associados no processo. Conclusões. O papel da Enfermagem é reconhecido como preponderante na prevenção e cessação do tabagismo, o que, pautado por um processo assistencial organizado, com respaldo disciplinar e científico, auxilia na melhoria do estado de saúde e no manejo dos fatores de risco.

Frecuencia, actitud y conocimiento sobre el cigarrillo electrónico en estudiantes de medicina / Frequency, attitudeand knowledge about electronic cigarrete in medical students

RESUMEN Introducción. La prevalencia de uso del cigarrillo electrónico (CE) a nivel mundial ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, especialmente en la población joven. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia, percepción y el conocimiento sobre el cigarrillo electrónico en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada. Metodología. Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal en el que los datos se recolectaron por medio de una encuesta en formulario de Google. Los estudiantes recibieron vía aplicación de mensajería instantánea un link para responder el cuestionario. Las variables fueron: edad, sexo, uso del cigarrillo electrónico, hábito tabáquico, seguridad, eficacia como método para dejar de fumar, conocimiento sobre la composición del cigarrillo electrónico. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta 506 estudiantes, de ellos 219 (43,3%) afirmaron utilizar CE. El 54,8% de los usuarios de CE era del sexo masculino y 41,6% tenía entre 22 - 26 años. El 41,0% considera que los CE son seguros, que es un método eficaz para dejar de fumar (57,1%), lo utilizaría para dejar de fumar (68,5%) y que se debería permitir su uso en lugares públicos (57,1%). Un porcentaje importante «desconoce» o considera que «no tienen» en su composición, dietilenglicol/propilenglicol (57,1%), glicerina (57,5%) o nicotina (16%), entre otros compuestos que podrían contener. Conclusión. La frecuencia de uso de CE en estudiantes de medicina de esta universidad es alta, la mayoría apoya su uso y desconoce su composición. Es necesario poner en práctica estrategias de prevención efectivas e informar sobre los riesgos para la salud relacionados con su uso.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The prevalence of electronic cigarette (EC) use worldwide has been increasing in recent years, especially in the young population. Objective. To know the frequency, perception and knowledge about the electronic cigarette in medical students of a private university. Methodology. Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study in which the data was collected through a Google form survey. Students received via instant messaging application a link to answer the questionnaire. The variables were: age, sex, use of the electronic cigarette, smoking habit, safety, efficacy as a method to quit smoking, knowledge about the composition of the electronic cigarette. Results. The survey was answered by 506 students, which 219 (43.3%) stated that they used CE. 54.8% of EC users were male and 41.6% were between 22-26 years old. 41.0% consider that EC is safe, that it is an effective method to quit smoking (57.1%), they would use it to quit smoking (68.5%) and that its use should be allowed in public places (57.1%). A significant percentage «does not know» or considers that they «do not have» in their composition, diethylene glycol/propylene glycol (57.1%), glycerin (57.5%) or nicotine (16%), among other compounds that they could contain. Conclusion. The frequency of EC use in medical students at this university is high, most of them support its use and are unaware of its composition. It is necessary to implement effective prevention strategies and inform about the health risks related to their use.

Prácticas, barreras y facilitadores de proveedores de salud en clínicas para dejar de fumar en México / Practice, barriers, and facilitators of healthcare providers in smoking cessation in Mexico

Objetivo: Evaluar las prácticas clínicas, barreras y facilitadores para dejar de fumar en clínicas de primer nivel de atención en la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: Diseño de métodos mixtos. Se realizaron encuestas (n=70) y entrevistas semiestructuradas (n=9) a personal de salud involucrado en el servicio de las clínicas para dejar de fumar. Resultados: Datos cuantitativos muestran que el personal médico realizó más que el de enfermería las siguientes prácticas: preguntar a pacientes si fumaban (57,9% vs. 34,5%, p=0,057), si tenían interés en dejar de fumar (65,7% vs. 26,9%, p=0,003), brindar asesoría (54,3% vs. 29,2%, p=0,056) y necesidad de farmacoterapia (21,9% vs. 10%, p=0,285). El personal de enfermería informó más que el personal médico la falta de recursos, farmacoterapia y necesidad de capacitación para asesoría. Los resultados cualitativos muestran como barreras: percepción de falta de motivación para dejar de fumar entre pacientes, falta de tiempo en consulta, largos tiempos de espera para citas y falta de capacitación; y como facilitadores: contar con servicio para dejar de fumar, farmacoterapia sin costo, y equipo multidisciplinario. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones para dejar de fumar se implementan parcialmente. Es necesaria una reestructuración de los servicios, donde el personal de enfermería tenga un mayor rol.(AU)

Objective: To assess the clinical practice, barriers, and facilitators in promoting smoking cessation in primary healthcare clinics in Mexico City. Material and methods: A mixed method design was used. Surveys (n=70) and semi-structured interviews (n=9) were conducted with health personnel involved in smoking cessation clinics. Results: Quantitative data revealed that physicians were more likely than nurses to 1) ask patients if they smoke (57.9% vs 34.5%, p=.057), 2) ask patients if they are interested in quitting smoking (65.7% vs 26.9%, p=.003), 3) provide advice to quit smoking (54.3% vs 29.2%, p=.056), and 4) assess whether pharmacotherapy is needed (21.9% vs 10%, p=.285). Qualitative data showed that nurses were more likely than physicians to report lack of resources to refer patients to smoking cessation services, lack of pharmacotherapy availability, and lack of provider training in smoking cessation. Reported barriers include lack of motivation among patients, lack of time for assessment, long appointment wait times, and lack of training. Reported facilitators include existence of smoking cessation programmes and pharmacotherapy at no cost to the patient, and having a multidisciplinary team. Conclusions: Due to numerous barriers, smoking cessation interventions are partially implemented in primary care clinics in Mexico City. A restructuring of services is necessary, and nurses should be given a more prominent role.(AU)

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: subcentro de salud general Vernaza Canton Salitre, 2020 / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients: Subcenter of general health vernaza canton Salitre, 2020

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, cada año mueren más personas por esta enfermedad que por otra causa. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: Subcentro de salud General Vernaza cantón Salitre. Materiales y métodos: Fue de enfoque cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, no experimental y transversal, la población (N=200) pacientes, la muestra de 120 pacientes de 40 a 65 años de edad con problemas cardiovasculares, el instrumento fue una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos en salud. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más predominantes fueron el estrés (34,2%) y el sedentarismo (16,7%); consumen cigarrillo (48,3%); consumen alcohol (45,8%), se alimentan 3 veces al día los alimentos cotidianos (71,7%); no cuidan sus porciones alimenticias (39,2%); el nivel de colesterol más frecuente entre 100 y 129 mg/dL (38,3%), no evitan alimentos fritos empanizados y cremosos(55,8%); no realizan ejercicio físico (36,7%); el estado nutricional normal abarcó un (68,3%), se sirven sus alimentos cotidianos en casa (72,5%); consumen muy frecuente carnes y pescados (80%), huevos y lácteos (70,8%), frutas y verduras (50,8%), grasas (65,8%), alcohol y café (65%), horas sentados viendo TV, móvil o portátil (54,2%) de 4 a 8 horas; condición regular para realizar actividad física (38,3%), tiempo máximo de realizar ejercicio 10 a 30 minutos (40,8%), en un solo día a la semana (65%). Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en pacientes fueron el estrés y sedentarismo, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública afectando el presupuesto familiar, hospitalario y del estado(AU)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide More people die each year from this disease than from any other cause. Objective:Determine the risk factors cardiovascular disease in patients: General Vernaza Health Subcenter Salitre canton. Materials and methods:Focus was quantitative, observational, descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional, the population (N=200) patients, the sample of 120 patients from 40 to 65 years of age with cardiovascular problems, the instrument was a survey validated by the judgment of health experts. Results:The cardiovascular risk factors more predominant were stress (34.2%) and sedentary lifestyle (16.7%); smoke cigarettes (48.3%); consume alcohol (45.8%), they eat daily food 3 times a day (71.7%); they don't watch their portions food (39.2%); the most frequent cholesterol level between 100 and 129 mg/dL (38.3%), they do not avoid food breaded and creamy fried foods (55.8%); do not perform physical exercise (36.7%); normal nutritional status encompassed one (68.3%), they serve their daily meals at home (72.5%); eat meatand fish very often (80%), eggs and dairy products (70.8%), fruits and vegetables (50.8%), fats (65.8%), alcohol and coffee (65%), hours sitting watching TV, mobile or laptop (54.2%) from 4 to 8 hours; regular condition for physical activity (38.3%), maximum time to exercise 10 to 30 minutes (40.8%), on a single day a week (65%). Conclusions:The cardiovascular risk factors in patients were stress and sedentary lifestyle, becoming in a public health problem affecting higher family, hospital and state out-of-pocket costs(AU)

Practice, barriers, and facilitators of healthcare providers in smoking cessation in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical practice, barriers, and facilitators in promoting smoking cessation in primary healthcare clinics in Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixed method design was used. Surveys (n = 70) and semi-structured interviews (n = 9) were conducted with health personnel involved in smoking cessation clinics. RESULTS: Quantitative data revealed that physicians were more likely than nurses to 1) ask patients if they smoke (57.9% vs 34.5%, p = .057), 2) ask patients if they are interested in quitting smoking (65.7% vs 26.9%, p = .003), 3) provide advice to quit smoking (54.3% vs 29.2%, p = .056), and 4) assess whether pharmacotherapy is needed (21.9% vs 10%, p = .285). Qualitative data showed that nurses were more likely than physicians to report lack of resources to refer patients to smoking cessation services, lack of pharmacotherapy availability, and lack of provider training in smoking cessation. Reported barriers include lack of motivation among patients, lack of time for assessment, long appointment wait times, and lack of training. Reported facilitators include existence of smoking cessation programmes and pharmacotherapy at no cost to the patient, and having a multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: Due to numerous barriers, smoking cessation interventions are partially implemented in primary care clinics in Mexico City. A restructuring of services is necessary, and nurses should be given a more prominent role.

Caderno temático do Programa Saúde na Escola: prevenção do uso do tabaco / Thematic notebook of the School Health Program: prevention of tobacco use

Estudo sobre a prevenção do uso do tabaco

Fatores individuais e contextual associados à cessação do tabagismo na população adulta brasileira em 2019 / Individual and contextual factors associated with smoking cessation in the Brazilian adult population in 2019

Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) conceitua o tabagismo como problema de saúde pública por estar entre as principais causas de morte evitável no mundo. A cessação do tabagismo é mensurada por meio do índice de cessação do tabagismo, que é calculado mediante a razão entre o número de pessoas que pararam de fumar e o número de pessoas que já fumaram algum dia (ex-fumantes e fumantes). Diversos são os fatores relacionados a cessação, podendo-se destacar aspectos sociodemográficos como ter idade relativamente avançada, renda mensal mais alta e um nível educacional mais alto; fatores ambientais tais como: restrições ao fumo em casa, bem como políticas antifumo em locais públicos e locais de trabalho. Para além dos fatores individuais, sabe-se que o ambiente social e físico no qual o indivíduo está inserido influencia diretamente a saúde e o comportamento, podendo também ser um preditor da cessação ao tabagismo. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular o índice de cessação do tabagismo no Brasil, bem como, avaliar os fatores associados individuais e contextual. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada no ano de 2019. Inicialmente, foi realizada análise descritiva de cada variável estudada por meio do cálculo das frequências relativas. Posteriormente, foi realizada análise uni e multivariada, utilizando modelo de Poisson com variâncias robustas multinível para avaliar os fatores associados à cessação do hábito de fumar. No primeiro nível foram considerados os fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde, e no segundo a variável contextual Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) mensurada por Unidade Federativa (UF). As ponderações pertinentes ao delineamento amostral foram consideradas e todas as análises foram realizadas com o uso do programa STATA 14.0. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de cessação do tabagismo no Brasil em 2019, foi de 68%, com média de 17 anos sem fumar (±12,9). No que se refere aos fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados a uma maior probabilidade de cessação foram: ser do sexo feminino (RP=1,10; IC95% 1,07-1,13), ter parceiro (RP=1,11; IC95% 1,08-1,15), ter escolaridade nível médio (RP=1,04; IC95% 1,01-1,08) ou superior (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,03-1,12), não possuir trabalho formal (RP=1,06; IC95% 1,03-1,09), frequentar atividade religiosa (RP= 1,08; IC95% 1,05-1,12), assistir propaganda sobre os malefícios do cigarro (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,02-1,11), ter hipertensão arterial (RP=1,10; IC95% 1,07­ 1,14), ter diabetes (RP= 1,07; IC95% 1,02­1,12), não presenciar fumo no domicílio (RP 1,43; IC95% 1,41-1,45), praticar exercício físico (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,03­1,10) e consumir bebida alcoólica menos de uma vez ao mês (RP 1,03; IC95% 0,99-1,07). Além disso, quanto maior o quartil de IDH da UF menor a probabilidade de cessação do tabagismo. Conclusão: Os achados do presente estudo afirmam que as desigualdades do índice de cessação têm um padrão diferente para algumas regiões do país. Dessa forma, é importante manter o monitoramento a fim de identificar possíveis localidades que precisem de intervenções mais direcionadas. O presente estudo poderá contribuir para melhoria dos processos e políticas públicas cujo foco seja a promoção da cessação do hábito de fumar.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) considers smoking as a public health problem as it is among the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Thousands of people die annually from tobacco-related diseases. Smoking cessation is measured using the smoking cessation index, which is calculated as the ratio between the number of people who have stopped smoking and the number of people who have ever smoked (ex-smokers and smokers). There are several factors related to cessation, among which are sociodemographic aspects such as being relatively advanced age, higher monthly income and a higher educational level can be highlighted; environmental factors such as attempts to quit smoking, restrictions on smoking at home, as well as anti- smoking policies in public places and workplaces, in addition to individual factors, it is known that the social and physical environment directly influences health and behavior in which a person is inserted, and may also be a predictor of smoking cessation. Objectives: This study aimed to calculate the smoking cessation rate in Brazil, as well as to evaluate individual and contextual associated factors. Methodology: This is a cross- sectional observational study using data from the National Health Survey (PNS) carried out in 2019. Initially, a descriptive analysis of each variance studied was performed by calculating the relative frequencies. Subsequently, a univariate and multivariate analysis was performed, using a Poisson model with robust multilevel variances to assess the factors associated with smoking cessation. In the first level, sociodemographic, behavioral and health factors were considered, and in the second one, the contextual variance Human Development Index, (HDI) measured by Federative Unit (FU). Weightings relevant to the sample design were considered and all analyzes were performed using the STATA 14.0 program. Results: The results showed that the smoking cessation rate in Brazil in 2019 was 68%, with an average of 17 years without smoking (±12.9). With regard to sociodemographic and economic factors associated with a greater probability of cessation, they were: being female (RP=1.10; CI95% 1.07-1.13), having a partner (RP=1.11; CI95 % 1.08-1.15), have secondary education (RP=1.04; 95%CI 1.01- 1.08) or higher education (RP=1.07; 95%CI 1.03-1.12) , not having a formal job (PR=1.06; 95%CI 1.03-1.09), attending religious activity (RP= 1.08; 95%CI 1.05-1.12), watching advertisements about the harmful effects of cigarette (PR=1.07; 95%CI 1.02- 1.11), having high blood pressure (PR=1.10; 95%CI 1.07­1.14), having diabetes (PR=1.07; 95%CI % 1.02­1.12), not witnessing smoking at home (PR 1.43; 95%CI 1.41- 1.45), practicing physical exercise (PR=1.07; 95%CI 1.03­1, 10) and consume alcohol less than once a month (PR 1.03; 95%CI 0.99-1.07). In addition, the higher the HDI quartile of FU, the lower the probability of smoking cessation. Conclusion: The findings of the present study state that the cessation rate inequalities have different pattern for some regions in the country. Thus, it is important to maintain monitoring in order to identify possible locations that need more targeted interventions. The present study will be able to contribute to the improvement of processes and public policies whose focus is on promoting smoking cessation.

Longitudinal treatment of smoking in Primary Health Care: an evaluation research / Longitudinalidad del tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atención Primaria de Salud: investigación evaluativa / Longitudinalidade do tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Primária à Saúde: pesquisa avaliativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the coordination of the attention for continuing treatment for smoking cessation in the Primary Health Care, from the perspective of users. Methods: the conceptual base was longitudinal care, which is an attribute of the National Policy of Primary Care. The methodological framework was that of an evaluative research, as informed by theory-based evaluation. Data collection used observation with moderate participation in the groups to abandon smoking, intensive interviews with 22 users, and analysis of medical records. The interviews used initial and focused coding, which are analytical stages of the Grounded Theory, with the aid of the MaxQDA® software. Results: the interviewees had a positive evaluation of their treatment for smoking, although they mentioned limitations for medium- and long-term continuity. Final Considerations: the smoking treatment sessions, even if infrequent, were found to be a successful experience for smoking cessation.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar como ocurre la coordinación de la atención longitudinal del tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atención Primaria de Salud bajo la óptica de usuarios. Métodos: adoptado como base conceptual el atributo de la atención longitudinal de la Política Nacional de Atención Básica; y como referencial metodológico, la investigación evaluativa cualitativa de acuerdo con la evaluación basada en la teoría. La recolecta de datos empleado la observación con participación moderada en grupos del cese del tabaquismo, entrevista intensiva con 22 usuarios y análisis de registros médicos. Las entrevistas fueron aplicadas las etapas analíticas de Grounded Theory de codificación inicial y focalizada, con auxilio del software MaxQDA®. Resultados: entrevistados evaluaron positivamente el tratamiento del tabaquismo, pero fueron enumeradas limitaciones sobre la continuidad a mediano y largo plazo. Consideraciones Finales: las sesiones de manutención para la atención longitudinal del tabaquismo, aunque eventuales, fueron reconocidas como una experiencia exitosa al cese del tabaquismo.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar como ocorre a coordenação do cuidado para a continuidade do tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Primária à Saúde sob a ótica dos usuários. Métodos: adotou-se como base conceitual o atributo da longitudinalidade do cuidado da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica; e como referencial metodológico, a pesquisa avaliativa qualitativa à luz da avaliação baseada na teoria. Na coleta de dados, empregou-se a observação com participação moderada nos grupos de cessação tabágica, entrevista intensiva com 22 usuários e análise de prontuários. Nas entrevistas, foram aplicadas as etapas analíticas da Grounded Theory de codificação inicial e focalizada, com auxílio do software MaxQDA®. Resultados: os entrevistados avaliaram positivamente o tratamento do tabagismo, porém foram elencadas limitações acerca da continuidade em médio e longo prazo. Considerações Finais: as sessões de manutenção para a continuidade do tratamento do tabagismo, mesmo que eventuais, foram reconhecidas como uma experiência exitosa para a cessação tabágica.